My Last Duchess Essays (462 words) - My Last Duchess,

My Last Duchess An emotional monolog is characterized as a sonnet wherein a solitary character is addressing an individual or people as a rule about a significant subject. The reason of most sensational monologs is to furnish the peruser with a generally or personal perspective on the's character. An extraordinary artist can utilize accentuation and cadence to cause the sonnet to show up as though it were a real discussion. Robert Searing, known as the dad of the sensational monolog, does this in his sonnet, My Last Duchess. The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker in My Last Duchess, is depicted as a desirous, self-important man who is controlling over his significant other. The Duke of Ferrara was made desirous by everything the duchess did, no matter how immaterial it was. He was particularly desirous of Fra Pandolf, the man who painted the duchess in the sonnet. A lady ought to be satisfied uniquely by her spouse, as was not the situation with the duchess and Fra Pandolf. She was as well effectively dazzled by the painter (line 23). Fra Pandolf was by all account not the only man that made the duke desirous. Each and every individual who passed the duchess got much the same grin as the duke (line 44). The duke expected to be the main man to get a grin from his significant other. Another part of the duke's character tended to in the sonnet is his stooping mentality. Multiple times in the sonnet the duke unnecessarily told the names of the craftsmen who made the perfect works of art that he possessed (lines 3 and 56). He felt prevalence over the emissary he was addressing by dropping these names. The duke tended to the emissary as anever read stranger (line 6). In addition to the fact that it was disparaging for the duke to consider him an outsider, yet he called him unintelligent as well. The third character attribute of the duke is his controlling conduct. In lines nine and ten he told the emissary that nobody puts by the shade that he had drawn for him yet the duke himself. He wanted to control who at any point took a gander at the work of art of the duchess. The primary proof of his overwhelming conduct is in line 46. The line peruses, ...then all grins halted together. The line is uncertain, yet the in all likelihood understanding is that the duke had his better half executed. The sonnet can be deciphered in a few distinct manners, however in all cases the duke is a very controlling man. Despite the fact that My Last Duchess was set hundreds of years before, exercises can be gained from it and utilized in the present society. No single good lies underneath the sonnet yet on the off chance that one must be discovered, it would be the brilliant guideline. Do unto others as you might want them to do unto you. One would unquestionably concur that the duke picked up nothing by being how he was. Only thoughtfulness gets an individual ahead, regardless of what society that individual is from.

Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an effective government Essay

Utilizing the records and your insight into the period, assess this announcement. From 1781 up until 1789 the United States government was dependent on the standards of the Articles of Confederation which were made after the Revolutionary War. The articles of confederation made a republic which constrained its pioneers from a significant part of the forces required so as to effectively oversee the nation. This lead to many state questions, and political battles. In actuality, the Articles set up a system for the U.S. Constitution that lead to a solid concentrated government and the thriving of the United States. The cutoff points set forth by the Articles of Confederation prompted state and political questions, and outside issues, yet it additionally had solid and successful attributes to help a legislature. The Articles of Confederation’s solid perspectives on a republic and steps set up to stay away from absolutism lead to numerous debates in the states. New off of the war for freedom with Britain, the establishing fathers composed the Articles of Confederation to guarantee that their new autonomous nation would not take after the Autocracy that they had recently freed themselves from, so the made a republic. Their first endeavor, the Articles of Confederation, caused numerous issues all through the nation. A significant issue causer was the proviso that lion's share vote must be accomplished so as to pass a law. This was a significant issue between states for example a letter from Rhode Island to congress expressed, † I encase their consistent goals [to reject] the suggestion of congress, regarding their impost on imported goods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (document a) . Dismissals of laws were a significant issue between states at the time since certain laws would profit states in the south however not the north creation it exceptionally hard to pass a lion's share vote. One states interests could impact another’s just by dismissing to cast a ballot. Another majorâ problem with the administration the articles set up was their failure to make any income. Since the national government didn't have the ability to burden states they had practically nothing. The statement by a previous fighter of the unrest, â€Å"Every class of open loan bosses must know the failure of congress to pay their requests, except if outfitted by the methods for a few states†¦ (doc C)† shows Congress’ absence of cash and their powerlessness to gracefully the individuals with what they need. So as to effectively run an administration cash is required and the articles of confederation made it hard for congress to make any. In John Jays letter to George Washington, his dread of the legislature falling because of absence of cash and force make known the issues the Articles of Confederation have brought upon the country. † †¦We are proceeding to foul up, and in this way I anticipate shades of malice and cataclysms, yet without havin g the option to speculate the instrument, nature or proportion of them†¦(doc G)† Jay predicts that if the nation remains on the way it is going, the rich and ground-breaking will get more influence then the administration prompting the total disappointment of the articles of confederation. While numerous progressions were made by the Articles of Confederation all together discrete their propensities from that of Great Britain, it caused numerous questions between the states and national government. After the Revolution and the Creation of the Articles of Confederation, remote issues started happening much of the time. After the war with Britain, sends out between the United States and Britain diminished from around 6 million dollars to around 4 million and remained their reliably from 1784 to 1792 (Doc B) . The lessening of exchange was a significant issue for another nation at the outset phases of improvement, and furthermore the populace was rising every year which lead to a more prominent interest of exchange merchandise and nourishments. Another outside undertaking that emerged was supporters who had left the nation for wellbeing needed installment of obligations owed to them before the war. Under the articles of confederation they were not required to get previous obligations and Britain was required to surrender all domains in their cutoff points to the U.S. (doc D) The requests resulting to the war lead Britain, France, and Spain to limit U.S. exchange with their regions . Remote undertakings additionally emerged with Spain for they had control of a significant part of the land west of the Mississippi River. Another discourse by John Jay, this opportunity to Spain’s serve Diego de Gardoqui, recounts Americans aggressive of extending westbound and that the bounce to utilize the Mississippi and its domains are impending. Clergyman Gardoqui differs and feels the individuals are 15-20 years from needing to move west.(doc F) Since their is no limitation in the Articles of Confederation to move west, similar to their was by Britain in the Proclamation of 1763, this causes an issue among Spain and the U.S. The Articles of Confederation lead to numerous outside issues following its foundation in 1781. In spite of the fact that numerous issues emerged coming from the Articles of Confederation it likewise had its positive effects towards the US government. The principle objective of congress when composing the archive was to confine the intensity of the national government and leave the force in the hands of the individuals. It might have restricted the intensity of congress to excessively huge of a degree however it prevailing with regards to constraining the legislature. Additionally the essential privileges of the individuals, strategy on remote issues, and foundation of a majority rule republic made a durable structure for the U.S. Constitution which is as yet conspicuous today. The conviction that the Articles of Confederation made a strong structure for the Constitution was appeared by Rawlin Lowndes in his discourse toward the South Carolina State of Representatives. The statement by Lowndes, † I seriously approached the house to consider whether it would not be smarter to add solidarity to the old confederation, rather than quickly adjusting another; asking whether a man could be looked on as insightful, who, having a wonderful structure, after finding an imperfection, rather than fixing the injury, should pull it down†¦(doc H)†. Lowndes depicts the Articles of Confederation as a â€Å"magnificent building† that has minor imperfections that effectively could be fixed into a solid premise of government. The Articles of Confederation have the correct ideas, they simply need a few enhancements to conquer the numerous issues related with them. Somewhere in the range of 1781 and 1789 the Articles of Confederation set up a powerful methods for government that functioned admirably for the brief timeframe it was being used, however it additionally created issues between states, legislative issues, and outside issues. In the records, issues were raised depicting the restricted force congress had, and the difficulties between the U.S, Britain, and Spain. Theseâ problems lead to the renewal of the Confederation after 1789 in which the U.S constitution was conceived.

Abuse and Neglect Put Children at Risk for Disabilities

Abuse and Neglect Put Children at Risk for Disabilities More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Child abuse and neglect have devastating effects on children that can last a lifetime. Abuse and neglect can increase the possibility of a child having a developmental delay and long-term emotional disabilities. These children also have an increased risk of involvement in drugs, sexually risky behavior, and behavioral disabilities. Child abuse may be physical, sexual or emotional. Signs of Child Abuse Children who are experiencing abuse or neglect  may show observable signs. They may be dropped off at school without appropriate clothing for the season, left without supervision too early at school or not picked up well after hours. They may have behavior problems such as acting out or getting multiple discipline referrals. They may also show more withdrawn and emotional behaviors such as crying easily, keeping to themselves or difficulty relating to peers and adults. They are also at risk for poor school performance. Parents or other caregivers who abuse their children are often under a great deal of stress and may take out their stress on the children. They may feel as if there is no problem with their behavior toward the child. In such households, discipline tends to be severe, and physical punishment is the norm. Parents may be emotionally abusive, using harsh language, put-downs, and mocking behavior toward their children. Identifying Child Neglect Child neglect involves denying a child what he needs for basic survival. Inadequate clothing, nutrition, educational and emotional support are examples. Meeting a childs physical needs such as adequate housing, medical care or basic supervision are often problems in neglectful households. Children who are neglected are often poorly prepared for school and may miss school a lot. These children may steal from others in an attempt to get the things they need. They may appear unwashed and unkempt. They may be sick repeatedly for long periods of time. In some cases, children who are not adequately supervised will become involved in drugs or alcohol, and the parents may be unaware of or not care. Physical Abuse Physical abuse occurs when an adult hurts a child causing injury. Physical injury may be caused by hitting, excessive spanking, cigarette burns (or other types of burns or scalds), shaking, kicking or other types of physical violence. Bruises, burns, and cuts in unusual places are possible signs of abuse. Bruises on knees and scraped elbows, however, are usually common injuries children get while playing.   When parents and children give differing explanations for the cause of an injury, abuse may be a factor. Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse leaves scars on children that cannot always be seen. Emotional abuse negatively affects a childs psychological and emotional development and may have long-term effects on cognitive development as well. Most emotional abuse is verbal. In these cases, parents or caregivers continually put the child down, blame him for problems that he could not possibly have caused, call him names or use similar forms of verbal abuse. Emotional abuse may also involve non-physical punishment designed to humiliate, shame or terrify the child. Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse occurs when an adult has inappropriate sexual involvement with a child. It may involve sexual talking or texting or any physical contact such as intercourse, sodomy or touching. As with other forms of abuse, sexual abuse has devastating long-term effects on a childs psychological and physiological development. Wrapping Up School staff members are required by law to report incidents of suspected abuse of children. If you are concerned that a child may be the victim of abuse, it is important to contact the police to make a report. Reporting abuse is a critical first step in protecting the child and getting the family the help it needs to stop the cycle of abuse and neglect.

Purpose Of Education How Children Interact With Their...

Purpose of Education The purpose of education is to help children learn core subject skills and mature into independent learners with responsibility and become leaders. Bruner cited in Driscoll (2005) focuses on â€Å"complex ideas and proposes that develop in children, as a function of an interaction within their environment and personal growth experiences† (Driscoll, 2005, p. 229). Bruner focus on how children interact with their environment, and personal experiences. For example, children like to initiate solving problems and conflicts about things in the classroom, like computers, bulletin boards, and textbooks. Children interact with knowledge, and they make suggestions about using the strategies to help them learn skills. Education has been immersed in conflict for decades. Dewey (1938) spent twenty years of experience teaching with the progressive schools and endured twenty years of criticism about his theories. He tried to raise a consciousness about conditions and insight into needed and desired changes. Many of the conflicts that surrounded education was the result of various points of view concerning the purpose of education, definition of knowledge, and arguments over which knowledge was more effective. In this paper, I will assume the position that the purpose of education is to enable individuals to achieve their full potential as leaders and members of society; this defines that these individuals will receive an education that will enable them to think and actShow MoreRelatedEducation Is The Goal Of True Education Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education.† -Martin Luther King, Jr. Education is similar to poetry, in that no one person’s interpretation is quite the same. An author may have a meaning in mind, but it’s specific meaning is determined by the reader. Similarity, education’s meaning and purpose is determined by the individual, and is often different from person to person. For Martin Luther King Jr. education is not only about acquiring knowledge, but also about applying thatRead MoreThe Teaching Philosophy of Exceptional Children Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesexceptional children: My teaching career has been spent learning how to provide appropriate support, guidance, patience, understanding, as well as to enhance academic growth success, for all students. My purpose as a teacher is to enrich and inspire the lives of young students with moderate/intensive needs by providing access to information instead of functioning as the primary source of information fo r students to flourish. My teaching methods will be to create an environment ripe with opportunitiesRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Essays1052 Words   |  5 PagesContributions 3 Personal Reflections 4 Bibliography 5 Introduction In this assessment I will be talking about the principles and philosophy of Frobel and Montessori, what they have in common and differences, there contributions to Siolta and my own thoughts in relation to early childhood education and their impact on the learning environment Principles and Philosophy Froebel believed that the kindergartens primary focus should be on play–the process by which he believed children expressed theirRead MoreMy Goal As A Teacher1367 Words   |  6 Pagesencourage children to be curious always wanting to expand their horizons to achieve more than they thought originally possible. My goal as a teacher is to be a positive influence that as adults my students can look back on and say I helped form their opinions on education and the power of knowledge. I see education as the most crucial piece of society and I think it is the responsibility of society as a whole to better the world of education, always pushing the next generation of children to do betterRead MoreEducation Reflection Paper983 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values and beliefs. Also Education is an enlightening experience. I ask myself, what’s the purpose of education? During this past year’s I have read and learned that the main purpose of education is to provide the betterment of each student for living morally, creatively and productively in a democratic society. One philosophical perspective that schools should implement is perrenialism. Perrenialism is theRead MoreMulticultural Curriculum For A Multicultural Classroom1425 Words   |  6 Pagesbut I was not aware of how important it was in a classroom setting. As the weeks have gone by in this class, I have learned th at multicultural curriculum is important because it s a way for teachers to include all children from diverse backgrounds. As we ve have progressed in the study of multicultural curriculum we have learned to address important topics such as biases, social justice, stereotypes, the development of identity and how to communicate with parents. The purpose of this paper is toRead MoreComputers and Ethics1540 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Networking Danielle Morris Professor Virginia Booth INF 103: Computer Literacy April 16, 2014 Communication is an inevitable occurrence in life and is vital to building and maintaining relationships. Individuals typically interact with family, friends, and colleagues regularly. Previously, landline phones and postal mail were popular methods of communication that individuals and businesses relied on. These venues were used to relay information, engage in transactions, and keep inRead MoreWhat Do You Think Of The Challenge For Children s A Socially Responsible People? Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesthe challenge to help children learn to be socially responsible people? A.1. I agree that it was easier for children to grow as responsible adult in the society; times changed, everyone was helping in the house, and there was no stress of the technology that there is today, but Dewey is comforting worried parents to be prompt to use these changes for new learning opportunity, giving children real life experiences, encouraging experimentation and independent thinking. Q.2. How would you answer thisRead MoreChildren Of Secondary School Level, And The Process Of Referral Involved1415 Words   |  6 Pagesupon the work practice carried out in an Additional Support Needs education setting for children of secondary school level, and the process of referral involved. The report will demonstrate the support needs of an individual within the school and the common problems that may factor into the care and development of the child and how the school can support them, information detailing the strategies in place within the school and how staff within the school along with outer agencies collaborate togetherRead MoreAspects Of An Appropriate Inclusion Setting1442 Words   |  6 Pagesdisabilities in regular classrooms with their nondisabled peers, in the school they would attend if not disabled, to the maximum extent appropriate. There are still lots of controversial views in education as to how an inclusion setting is delivered, who is responsible, what makes this setting important and how to make it successful. When educator look at the definition of the work â€Å"Inclusion†, the laws clearly states â€Å"Inclusion is a term which expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum

Luis Sotelo. Mr. Ortiz. English 12. 27 February 2017. Macbeth

Luis Sotelo Mr. Ortiz English 12 27 February 2017 Macbeth vs Throne of Blood In â€Å"Tthe Tragedy of Macbeth† by William Shakespeare, there is a big focus on the character itself instead of the plot of the play. Each character is of high importance to the tragedy and the developing plot that leads to Macbeth’s downfall. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Banquo, and even minor characters such as the witches all mold and shape Macbeth’s fate and make it a tragic one. In the Throne of Blood (1957) by Akira Kurosawa, a reenactment of the play by Shakespeare, high value is also given to the character, as it is more important than the setting and events. Washizu (Macbeth), Asaji (Lady Macbeth), Miki (Banquo), and the forest spirit (three witches) display both†¦show more content†¦When Lordship is killed and Washizu heads to the castle to tell the news to Miki, he doesn t open the doors for Washizu and his men until they show the coffin with Lordship’s corpse. Miki, unaware of the truth, pushes the council to appoint his â€Å"honorable b est friend† Washizu as the new King. Miki is confident that Washizu will appoint his son Yoshiteru as heir to the throne once Washizu is King just like the prophecy promised. However, Washizu, believes Miki is out to spoil his plans so he sends a murderer to kill Mikki and Yoshiteru. (Throne of Blood) In the play, Macbeth orders two murderers instead of one to kill Banquo because Macbeth also believes that Banquo is too honest and too good of a man to not tell the truth or suspect that Macbeth is behind Duncan’s murder. (Shakespeare 367) Macbeth, once Banquo is killed and never makes it to dinner, sees his ghost sitting in his chair and begins to go insane. (3.4.47-107.) In the same way, in the movie, once Miki is killed his ghost appears and Washizu goes insane and Asaji has to tell the council he is drunk and order them to leave (Throne of Blood) In both pieces, it is easy to see that Macbeth (Washizu) is driven by ambition and greed, meanwhile Banquo (Miki) is honora ble and a good man making them foils of each other. When looking closely as the main characters, Macbeth (Washizu) and Lady Macbeth (Asaji), one will see that

The Positive Effect of Capital Punishment in Modern America Free Essays

Ronnie Kuester Dr. Borgmeyer Eng. Comp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Positive Effect of Capital Punishment in Modern America or any similar topic only for you Order Now II 30 Sept. 2010 The Positive Effect of Capital Punishment in Modern America â€Å"I don’t think you should support the death penalty to seek revenge. I don’t think that’s right. I think the reason to support the death penalty is because it saves other people’s lives† (Bush). Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics in the American society and is also one of the topics most people feel very emotional about. Everyone feels that their views are correct because there are many pros and cons to either side. Although some people believe the risk of executing the innocent is too great, the use of capital punishment has greatly impacted our society in a positive way because of its deterring effect, economic benefits, and the prevailing of justice. The deterrent effect is definitely one of the biggest benefits to having capital punishment. When people have the knowledge that they could be executed for killing someone else it often turns them away from committing the murder. Tanner from Fort-Worth Star Telegram thinks that the deterrent effect has shown to prevent between three and eighteen murders(Wood 601). Most people in modern America have heard of the death penalty, yet they still commit the crimes that are punishable by death. Since people know about it and still do it, they are basically accepting the sentence, unless they are mentally ill and in which cause do not get sentenced to death. Naci Mocan’s study, from the University of Colorado, suggest that, â€Å"Statistical studies like his are among a dozen papers since 2001 that show capital punishment has deterrent effects†(Wood 602). Abolitionists argue that the deterrent effect is only estimates and are not actually proven to deter murders. However, knowing, through many studies, that three to eighteen innocent people could be saved by executing each convicted killer greatly outweighs the benefits to letting the murderer off the hook. Although, the deterrent effect is the greatest benefit to having capital punishment, the economic problem is also very important. A suggested alternative to the death penalty is life in prison without parole. This upsets many of the taxpayers, as it should. An article in The Economist states, â€Å"the idea of spending public money to feed and clothe murderers for the rest of their lives seemed outrageous†(Economist 605). Is there a difference to sentencing life in prison or executing someone? In the end they die a captive man. It is delaying the inevitable, but not many people see that. It is not very fair giving man his freedoms after he has taken the lives of others. He himself has not respected the life and liberty that all people should have. Once you take away someone’s life yours should be taken in return. That is, only if it is murder in the first degree and the murder was committed intentionally. After being sentenced to life without parole their court dates are not done. Money keeps getting wasted in the courts after the sentencing. Most convicts are still trying to get a reduced sentence or get parole. Convicts going through trials for the death penalty and life in prison often have to wait a very long time, which in the process is spending a lot of the tax payers’ money. Either way, life in prison or the death penalty on average they wait a decade before a decision is made or the execution is carried out. Other than deterring crime and being economically beneficial, capital punishment also allows justice to prevail. Justice seems to always prevail, but in some instances, this is not the case. However, no innocent human has been executed through the use of DNA testing. Only the convicts who commit the worst, most heinous of crimes are even put on death row. Abolitionists see that the government is just killing someone. However, like the quote at the beginning, the government does not have the death penalty just to seek revenge. That is not what the death penalty is about. It is about justice being served and letting people know that murdering will not be acceptable. The government does not execute people to flaunt its power, Foucault agrees when he states, â€Å"It is ugly to be punishable, there is no glory in punishing†(Foucault 10). It is because of this that America, along with many other nations, has done away with torturing as well. The government does respect points of the abolitionists saying it is not right torturing the convicts or causing extreme pain. They have changed their ways making the execution more humane. In our modern society we do not torture death row inmates anymore. Foucault states that, â€Å"today we are rather inclined to ignore it; perhaps, in its time, it gave rise to too much inflated rhetoric; perhaps it has been attributed too readily and too emphatically to a process of ‘humanization’, thus dispensing with the need for further analysis†(Foucault 7). It was thought that torture was a corrective procedure that if they were tortured they would not commit the crime again. However, it is viewed as inhumane to inflict pain on an individual to teach them discipline, especially if they are being put to death anyway. So now we use more humane ways to put people to death that involve little to no pain. Lethal injection is the most modern and safe way to put someone to death. It was first used in 1977 in Oklahoma but took five years before it was used on someone. All of the states except one that have the death penalty use lethal injection. The inmate being executed is bound down and has his heart being monitored. Then, they insert two needles into the veins injecting the inmate with Sodium Thiopental. This is an anesthetic which renders the inmate unconscious. â€Å"Next flows pavulon or Pancuronium Bromide, which paralyzes the entire muscle system and stops the inmate’s preathing. Finally, the flow of potassium chloride stops the heart. Death results from anesthetic overdoes and respiratory and cardiac arrest while the condemned person is unconscious† (Methods). This technique used does not hurt the inmate, which is one of the reasons abolitionists are upset about the death penalty. As for any other method, they get pretty painful and or messy. Death by electrocution, hanging, and gas chamber are all extremely painful and do not kill the inmate right away. Not only does justice prevail through the government when someone is executed but also people get a religious satisfaction. The Bible specifically states that the death penalty is alright. Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man†(Genesis 9:6). The reason why it is believed people should be executed for killing another human being is because we were made in God’s image and destroying or killing that is major offense to God. The Bible also informs its readers that none shall take ranso m or money in exchange for the murderer’s life. This is where the justice comes into play. God does not want the government taking money in exchange for someone’s life. In modern day terms it would be equivalent to posting bail or just receiving a fine. That would be unrealistic to do in the case of a murderer being put to death. Abolitionists believe that we should not play God and only those who have not sinned be the ones to judge and â€Å"cast the first stone† so to speak. What most do not realize is that, according to the Bible, God thinks that these murderers should be killed. God is not going to just smite them down. Humans figured out and have interpreted the Bible and it’s meanings when saying these things about the death penalty. Most abolitionists greatest problem with the death penalty is executing the innocent. Executing the innocent is extremely rare. Hundreds of people have been released from death row due to DNA testing proving their innocence. This does not mean that they were executed. It is excellent that these people were not wrongly executed and it is because of modern technology that it can be appreciated. However, executing those who have been, without a doubt guilty of committing murder in the first degree should be executed. Throughout the use of DNA testing to possibly help the case of either side, there have been zero cases where and innocent human has been executed. Abolitionists keep seeing that the death penalty is still used despite the way they feel. So they begin to say things like, â€Å"Killing a murderer does not bring his victim back to life. It achieves nothing but the death of still another person†(Robinson). As stated at the beginning of this paper, by having the death penalty be legal it deters certain crime, has economic benefits, and it allows justice to be served. No matter what abolitionists are doing, most of their ideas keep getting shot down. There is a reason the majority has always sided with the death penalty, because it just helps out our modern American society. Works Cited Bush, George W. â€Å"Presidential Debate† Washington University Athletic Complex. University of St. Louis. 17 Oct. 2000. Speech. â€Å"Descriptions of Execution Methods. † Deathpenaltyinfor. org. Death Penalty Information Center. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. . Foucault, Michel. â€Å"Chapter 1. † 1979. Discipline and Punishment. Trans. Alan Sheridan. 3-18. Print. King James Version Bible. Genesis 9:6. 2004. Robinson, Bruce A. â€Å"Capital Punishment – the Death Penalty. † ReligiousTolerance. org by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 04 Aug. 2007. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. . Wood, Nancy V. Perspectives on Argument. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. (601-613). How to cite The Positive Effect of Capital Punishment in Modern America, Papers

Vermont Essay Research Paper Vermont has been free essay sample

Vermont Essay, Research Paper Vermont has been called a piece of America # 8217 ; s yesteryear. In no other province has natural beauty been so untasted by modern development. In no other province has the small-town ambiance of more than a century ago been so good preserved. Often chosen as a comfy 2nd place by metropolis inhabitants, Vermont apparently has escaped the ugly urban conurbation that pollutes so many parts of the state. The province has long been noted for its Hardy, independent people. Their rugged New England character was likely ordained by the inhospitable terrain? the granite spinal column of the dense Green Mountains. Except for Lake Champlain, Vermont # 8217 ; s many rivers and lakes lack seaports for commercialism. However, its scenic luster provides both resort and safety for visitants and, more significantly, sustains the people who live at that place year-round. The mountains, a skier # 8217 ; s Eden, supply a foundation for the foremost marble and granite preies in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Essay Research Paper Vermont has been or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Taping maple trees for sirup in Vermont Although the bouldery terrain and thin dirt made large-scale agriculture hard for the Yankee innovators who settled Vermont, they were able to construct little farms and small towns on the forested land. The province is one of the state # 8217 ; s taking manufacturers of maple sugar and sirup. In the exuberant river vales, the Vermont dairy industry developed into one of the most important in the Northeast. Vermont was foremost explored by Samuel de Champlain in 1609, when he sailed from the settlement he founded in Quebec into the huge lake that was named for him. After lasting white colonists came in 1724, the Native Americans, the Gallic and British colonial powers, and the early American settlers fought one another over the land. For old ages the Green Mountains part was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York. In 1777, nevertheless, Vermont declared itself an independent province and adopted a fundamental law? the first to forbid bondage. In 1791, after the American Revolution, it was admitted to the Union as the 14th province. Vermont was therefore the first province to be added to the original 13 settlements that formed the United States. One of the smallest provinces in the Union, Vermont ranks merely 43rd in country and 48th in population. Despite its little size, the province has made critical parts to the growing of the state. Among the celebrated people born in Vermont were two presidents of the United States? Chester A. Arthur and Calvin Coolidge. An unsuccessful presidential campaigner was Stephen A. Douglas of Brandon. In the Spanish- American War, Admiral George Dewey of Montpelier won celebrity at Manila Bay. John Dewey of Burlington, a celebrated pedagogue, changed many of the state # 8217 ; s school patterns. Thaddeus Stevens of Danville was an influential legislator during the Reconstruction epoch. A ill-famed Vermonter who was forced to go forth the province was John Humphrey Noyes of Brattleboro. In 1836 he formed a Bible group known as # 8220 ; Bible communists # 8221 ; at his place in Putney. After they proclaimed a philosophy of free love, Noyes and his followings were arrested for criminal conversation but fled to New York to establish the Oneida Community ( see Communal Living ) . Putney was besides the place of the Experiment in International Living, founded in 1932 as a worldwide educational exchange organisation. Vermont discoverers include John Deere of Rutland, who made the first steel ploughshare, and Thomas Davenport of Williamstown, who devised the first electric motor. Although Thaddeus Fairbanks was born in Massachusetts, he developed all his innovations? such as the platform graduated table? in his metalworks in St. Johnsbury. The early name of the part was New Hampshire Grants. In 1777 it was named New Connecticut. This was subsequently changed at the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young of Philadelphia. He wanted to perpetuate the moniker of Ethan Allen # 8217 ; s reserves, the Green Mountain Boys, who were heroes of the American Revolution. The name Vermont originates in two Gallic words that mean # 8220 ; green # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; mountain. # 8221 ; On the map of Champlain # 8217 ; s finds, the adventurer had labeled the dense evergreen inclines Verd Mont. The scope is besides the beginning of the moniker Green Mountain State. Survey of the Green Mountain State Vermont lies in the New England part of the United States. It is bordered on the North by the Canadian state of Quebec. To the E the Connecticut River forms the boundary with New Hampshire. On the South is Massachusetts and on the West is New York, separated from Vermont for approximately 100 stat mis ( 160 kilometres ) by Lake Champlain. The province # 8217 ; s greatest length from north to south is 159 stat mis ( 256 kilometres ) . Its greatest breadth is 89 stat mis ( 143 kilometres ) from E to west. Its narrowest breadth is 37 stat mis ( 60 kilometres ) . Vermont # 8217 ; s entire country is 9,614 square stat mis ( 24,900 square kilometres ) , including 341 square stat mis ( 883 square kilometres ) of inland H2O surface. Natural Regions The crest of the Green Mountains runs through the centre of the province from the Massachusetts boundary northerly into Canada. This upland is sometimes said to split the province into eastern and western subdivisions. There are five distinguishable natural parts, nevertheless. The Champlain Valley covers all the northwesterly portion of the province as far south as the Poultney River and Lake Bomoseen. It is a narrow lowland wedged between Lake Champlain on the West and the Green Mountains on the E. Along Lake Champlain is the province # 8217 ; s lowest point? 95 pess ( 29 metres ) . Draining into the lake are Vermont # 8217 ; s three longest watercourses? the Lamoille and Winooski rivers and Otter Creek. The Taconic Mountains rise South of Brandon and widen due south along the New York boundary line into Massachusetts. The highest extremum in this narrow scope is Mount Equinox at 3,816 pess ( 1,163 metres ) . It is located a few stat mis west of Manchester. At the eastern border of the Taconics is the Valley of Vermont, which separates this part from the Green Mountains. The Green Mountains, portion of the Appalachian Highlands, organize the anchor of Vermont. These to a great extent forested Highlandss extend the length of the province and vary in breadth from about 21 stat mis ( 34 kilometres ) in the North to some 36 stat mis ( 58 kilometres ) in the South. Near Underhill is Mount Mansfield, the highest point in the province at 4,393 pess ( 1,339 metres ) . The New England Upland borders the Green Mountains on the E for the full length of the province. This plateaulike part, aggressively cut by watercourses, is sometimes called the Vermont Piedmont. The Upland is the lake part of the province. The White Mountains Region in northeasterly Vermont is an extension of a larger upland part in New Hampshire. Located chiefly in Essex County, it is a thinly populated, cragged wilderness. Climate Vermont # 8217 ; s clime is characterized by broad temperature ranges, even distribution of precipitation, short summers, and long winters. Variations throughout the province in temperature and precipitation are due chiefly to lift. Average January temperatures range from 16? F ( -8.9? C ) in the nor-east to 20? F ( -6.7? C ) in the Champlain Valley. Average July temperatures range from 67? F ( 19? C ) in the nor-east and sou-east to 70? F ( 21? C ) in the Champlain Valley. Precipitation, heaviest in summer, ranges from an one-year norm of 52 inches ( 132 centimetres ) in the South to 32 inches ( 81 centimetres ) in the Northwest. Snowfall varies from 55 inches ( 140 centimetres ) annually in the West and in the Connecticut Valley to 125 inches ( 318 centimetres ) elsewhere. The turning season is 130 to 150 yearss in the Lake Champlain and Connecticut Valley countries and 100 to 130 yearss in the remainder of the province. Natural Resources Much of the dirt in Vermont is excessively thin and bouldery for general agriculture. The most valuable agricultural resource is extended herbage for the province # 8217 ; s dairy industry. There are about 4,400,000 estates ( 1,780,680 hectares ) of commercial forestland. The most valuable tree is the sugar maple, which is used for timber. Groves of sugar maples supply sap for maple sugar and sirup ( see Maple ) . The white pine is valuable in the Connecticut River vale. Stone, peculiarly marble and granite, is the most valuable mineral. The main commercial resources are the province # 8217 ; s lakes, mountains, and clime, which attract many tourers. Some mountain rivers are dammed and used for hydroelectric power. The highest dike ( 275 pess ; 84 metres ) is Ball Mountain Dam, completed in 1961, on the West River. Conservation of the province # 8217 ; s resources is overseen by the Agency of Natural Resources through its sections of Fish and Wildlife ; Forests, Parks, and Recreation ; and Environmental Conservation. The Economic Development Department of the Agency of Development and Community Affairs works to advance the involvements of the province. Peoples of Vermont Before the reaching of Europeans, the Native Americans entered what is now Vermont chiefly to run and angle. The first settlers in the country came from New Hampshire, in the E, and New York, in the West. Because it had small fabrication, few immigrants from abroad settled in the country. The largest foreign group has been Gallic Canadian husbandmans. Today the great bulk of the people are of English background. Vermont # 8217 ; s population is 99 per centum white? the highest per centum of any province. About 4 per centum of the province # 8217 ; s people are foreign born. About two tierces of the people live in little small towns and on farms. The remainder live in towns and metropoliss with a population of 2,500 or more. Merely four communities have more than 15,000 occupants each. Cities Burlington, the largest metropolis in Vermont, is a port on Lake Champlain and the main fabrication centre of the province. The 2nd largest metropolis is Rutland in the south-central portion of the province. It is noted for its marble preies. Barre in cardinal Vermont is a great granite centre. Brattleboro in the sou-east is noted for printing and publication. The province capital is Montpelier ( see Montpelier ) . The main regional trading centres are St. Albans in the Northwest, Bennington in the sou-west, and St. Johnsbury in the nor-east. Manufacturing In comparing with other provinces Vermont has small fabrication. After the services and retail trade industries, nevertheless, fabricating employs more workers than does any other business in the province. The main fabrication industry is the devising of electrical and electronic equipment. The 2nd most valuable industry is fabricated metal merchandises. The printing and publication industry is 3rd in value. Industrial machinery ranks 4th. Paper and allied merchandises are besides important. Food merchandises, transit equipment, and timber and wood merchandises are besides made. Agribusiness and Mining Vermont has about 7,000 farms, of which about 40 per centum are full-time dairy farms. The province # 8217 ; s most valuable agricultural merchandise is milk, which is sold in markets as far off as Boston and New York City. Hay, the most valuable field harvest, is cut and stored to feed dairy herds during the winter. The major agriculture countries are in the Champlain Basin and the Connecticut River vale. These parts produce maize, murphies, oats, and truck harvests. Apples, the most valuable hard currency harvest, are grown chiefly along the shores of Lake Champlain. Franklin County in northwesterly Vermont is the largest manufacturer in the state-wide maple-sugar industry, an endeavor in which Vermont is the national leader. Other agricultural merchandises are beef and veau, eggs, poulets, Meleagris gallopavos, sheep, and wool. The province # 8217 ; s most valuable mineral merchandise is dimension rock. Marble is quarried West of the Green Mountain s, in Rutland County. A valuable merchandise since the first prey was opened in Dorset in 1785, Vermont marble has been used in many edifices, including the United States Supreme Court edifice in Washington, D.C. Granite is taken from the Barre part and from other preies on the east inclines of the Green Mountains. The slate industry is besides centered in Rutland County. Vermont is one of the top four provinces in talc production. Sand and crushed rock are besides valuable mineral merchandises. The province was one time a leader in asbestos production, but wellness concerns related to the effects of asbestos fibres in the lungs have caused terrible cutbacks in the industry. Transportation system Because of the Green Mountain barrier through the centre of the province, most transit paths run in a by and large north-south way. The first chief route extended northwestward from Springfield to Chimney Point on Lake Champlain. This was the Crown Point Military Road, constructed in 1759-60. Today Vermont has more than 15,000 stat mis ( 24,000 kilometres ) of federal, province, and local main roads. The chief north-south main roads are US 7 in the Vermont Valley West of the mountains and US 5 in the Connecticut Valley E of the mountains. The main east-west main roads are US 2 in the North and US 4 across cardinal Vermont. Two interstate main roads pass through Vermont. Interstate 91 analogues the Connecticut River and US 5. Interstate 89 tallies across Vermont from White River Junction to the Highgate country. In 1848 the Vermont Central became the first railway to run in the province when a rider train ran between White River Junction and Bethel. A 2nd railway, the Lake Champlain and Connecticut River, was the first to make Burlington. Today Vermont is served by a twelve railway companies. Several air hoses provide on a regular basis scheduled service. Diversion Vermont # 8217 ; s cool clime, mountain lakes, and all right scenery have made the province a tourer attractive force of turning popularity. Lake Champlain lures 1000s every summer for yachting and other H2O athleticss. Lake Memphremagog stretches into Canada for 37 stat mis ( 60 kilometres ) , from Newport to Magog, Que. The most popular hike path is the Long Trail, which follows the crest of the Green Mountains for more than 260 stat mis ( 418 kilometres ) . Many winter visitants come for skiing. There are more than 15 major downhill ski resorts, including those at Killington, Stowe, Stratton Mountain, West Dover, Warren, and Burlington. Vermont # 8217 ; s first cross-country ski countries include the Craftsbury Nordic Center, which is besides used as a preparation land for the United States Olympic cross-country squad. Vermont maintains about 100 covered Bridgess, most of which were constructed before 1912 and are protected by province jurisprudence. Among the province # 8217 ; s historic sites is the Bennington Battle Monument, taging a 1777 licking of the British. The Old Constitution House at Windsor is called the place of birth of Vermont. The Shelburne Museum, near Burlington, is known as the Museum of the American Spirit because its 45-acre ( 18-hectare ) site holds so many artefacts of early New England homelife, including barns, stores, and houses. Education Vermont # 8217 ; s innovators put up log schoolhouses about every bit shortly as they built their cabins. The fundamental law of 1777 called for state-supported schools, including one grammar school in each county and one province university to be established by the General Assembly. A town school-district system of instruction developed. In the 1840s the public high school began to vie with the province # 8217 ; s many private academies. Today the public school system is managed by the Department of Education. It is directed by a board of instruction appointed by the governor. A commissioner of instruction administers its policies. The largest establishment of higher acquisition is the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. This land-grant university, located at Burlington, was chartered in 1791 and opened to pupils in 1800. Other state-supported schools are Vermont Technical College, at Randolph Center, and colleges at Castleton, Johnson, and Lyndonville. Other schools of higher instruction are Middlebury College, at Middlebury ; Norwich University, at Northfield ; St. Michael # 8217 ; s College, at Winooski ; Goddard College, at Plainfield ; Trinity College, at Burlington ; Bennington College, at Bennington ; Marlboro College, at Marlboro ; and Green Mountain College, at Poultney. There is besides a junior college located in Montpelier. Government and Politicss Montpelier has been Vermont # 8217 ; s capital since 1805. Before that clip the capital was at assorted topographic points? including Windsor and Rutland. The province is governed under its 3rd fundamental law, adopted in 1793. The main executive officer is the governor, who is elected every two old ages. The General Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The bench is headed by the Supreme Court. The major component in local authorities is the town meeting. All electors must take the Freeman # 8217 ; s Oath, a hangover from colonial America: # 8220 ; I solemnly swear ( or affirm ) . . . that whenever I am called to give my ballot or right to vote, touching any affair that concerns the State of Vermont, I will make it so, as in my scruples, I shall judge will most contribute to the best good of the same, as established by the Constitution, without fright or favour of any person. # 8221 ; In national and local political relations Vermont has been strongly Republican. Except in 1964, the province # 8217 ; s electoral ballots have been cast for the Republican presidential campaigner in every election since 1856. During the same clip period Democratic governors served merely five footings? 1963-69 and 1973-77. In 1984 Madeleine M. Kunin, besides a Democrat, was elected the province # 8217 ; s first adult female governor. ( Criticized for an environmentally tough land-use jurisprudence that she initiated, she did non run for a 4th term in 1990. ) In 1990 Bernard Sanders, a socialist who had served as city manager of Burlington for nine old ages, became Vermont # 8217 ; s sole United States representative? the first third-party campaigner to be elected to Congress since 1952 and its first socialist member in more than 60 old ages. George Aiken, a former Vermont governor who served as senator from 1941 to 1975, was noted as a title-holder of broad statute law, frequently opposing his ain Republican party. Warren R. Austin, another senator from Vermont ( 1931-46 ) , was the first United States embassador to the United Nations. History What is now Vermont was included in several different grants of land made by British sovereigns. The charter of Massachusetts Bay of 1629 laid claim to most of the land West of the Connecticut River. New York claimed the part on the footing of grants foremost made to the duke of York in 1664. A 3rd claim, by New Hampshire, was based on a 1741 edict of King George II. After Vermont declared itself an independent province in 1777, while the war for independency was traveling on, the other provinces eventually agreed to acknowledge its boundary claims. Massachusetts adjusted its differences in 1781, New Hampshire in 1782, and New York in 1790. This paved the manner for the admittance of Vermont to the Union in 1791. Exploration and Colony The first Europeans to come in the Green Mountain province were Samuel de Champlain and his party of Gallic adventurers. In 1609 they paddled up the lake subsequently named for Champlain ( see Champlain ) . For more than 100 old ages after that, nevertheless, the country remained unsettled. In 1666 the Gallic built Fort St. Anne on Isle La Motte as portion of their Lake Champlain munitions, but the colony was ephemeral. The British established the first lasting colony, at Fort Dummer in 1724. It was built by Massachusetts Colony to protect its people in the Connecticut Valley. The town of Brattleboro subsequently grew up near the garrison. The stopping point of the Gallic and Indian War in 1763 gave the British ownership of the Lake Champlain country. Lord Jeffrey Amherst had built a strong garrison at Crown Point, N.Y. , and a military route through the wilderness to the Connecticut River. After the war many colonists entered the part. Get downing in 1749 the governor of New Hampshire had issued grants of land for new towns in the Vermont part. Settlers on these New Hampshire grants cleared woods, built cabins, and planted harvests. After 1764 the New York governor granted charters to set down that was already occupied under the New Hampshire Grants. Many colonists could non afford the extra fees needed to buy back their hard-won estates from New York. Fear of losing their land caused the colonists to revolt against New York authorization in several violent incidents, including the ictus of the courthouse in Westminster, during which two of the Rebels were killed, in March 1775. In 1770 Ethan Allen recruited the Green Mountain Boys to protect the involvements of New Hampshire colonists in the western portion of the district. Others in this dare set included his brother Ira Allen and Seth Warner. When the American Revolution broke out, hostile actions against New York ceased as both sides concentrated on supporting the settlements against the British. On May 10, 1775, Ethan Allen led his set in the gaining control of Fort Ticonderoga in New York? one of the first of import American triumphs of the war. Seth Warner helped take Crown Point two yearss subsequently. Many Green Mountain Boys subsequently followed Allen in a ineffectual onslaught on Montreal. ( See besides Allen, Ethan ; Revolution, American ; Ticonderoga. ) Statehood In January 1777 a convention of Vermonters met at Westminster and set up a province independent of both New Hampshire and New York. Another convention met at Windsor in July and adopted a province fundamental law. It was the first American fundamental law to give right to vote to all work forces and to prohibit bondage. In July 1777 the British general John Burgoyne sent a force to capture military supplies stored at Bennington. On August 16 this force was routed west of Bennington by nationalists under Gen. John Stark. This triumph started the series of lickings that led to the critical resignation of Burgoyne at Saratoga in October. Vermont asked the Continental Congress for acknowledgment but failed to acquire it, mostly because of the disputed boundaries with adjacent provinces. The province so existed as an independent democracy for 14 old ages. Finally, after all the boundary statements were settled, Vermont was admitted to the Union on March 4, 1791. During the American Civil War, Confederates raided St. Albans, robbing the town # 8217 ; s Bankss of more than 200,000 dollars. They escaped to Canada where they were brought to test and freed. The first president from Vermont was Chester A. Arthur, born in Fairfield. He became the state # 8217 ; s 21st president when James A. Garfield was assassinated in 1881. In 1923 the decease of Warren G. Harding made Calvin Coolidge of Plymouth president of the United States. The new president was sworn in at the household place by his male parent, a notary populace. Vermont # 8217 ; s rural population and its figure of farms have declined drastically. Family farms have been combined into larger units, and many husbandmans have sold their lands, unwilling to overhaul equipment and unable to spread out their herds. The fabric and timber industries have besides lost land. The edifice of the first ski Lodges in the 1930s, during the Depression, laid the foundation for a winter tourer industry. Although the province has succeeded in pulling new industries, the supply of skilled labour and lodging has non been sufficient to run into their demands. From 1970 to 1980 the population of Vermont increased by 66,724, or 15 per centum? above the national norm of 11.4 per centum.

Impacts of the market structure on the business behaviour of companies in the Structure Conduct †Airline Industry

Impacts of the market structure on the business behaviour of companies in the Structure Conduct – Airline Industry Introduction Business structure can be viewed as organizational and other attributes of a market. These are the characteristics which have a significant impact on competition and hence the pricing (Tuto2u 2011). The main aspects of the market structure includes the total number of the firms, the extent to which the industry is vertically integrated, the share of the market, costs, structure of buyers, turnover of customers and the product differentiation (degree of differentiation) (Tuto2u 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of the market structure on the business behaviour of companies in the Structure Conduct – Airline Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business structure has a significant impact on the business behaviour. There are certain behaviours which characterize each business structure. This is in turn determined by the aspects of a particular business structure. Discussion The re are several market structures under which any organization can fall. These include the perfect competition, monopoly or the oligopoly. Each of these has its unique characteristics. In the perfect competition, there are many firms in a certain industry. A good example of a competitive market is the hotel industry. It is characterized by a large number of firms which compete with each other. In the perfect competition, there are very little barriers to entry. This implies that it is easy to venture into a certain industry. Every participant in the perfect competition is a price taker. This implies that every firm will take the price which is offered at the market. An individual firm in this case does not have any power to influence the market price. Another category of the market structure is the monopoly. This is the business structure where there is only one firm in the market. There is a high barrier to entry into such a market. In this category of the market structure, the firm is the portico maker. This implies that the firm has the power to determine the price. Therefore, there are high chances of customer exploitation in this market structure. This is because there is no competition for customers. This may also discourage the firms from innovation because the firm does not face any threat from competitors. The other form of the market structure is the oligopoly. This form of market structure is characterized by few firms which produces differentiated products. There are high barriers to entry. This is the reason why there are a few firms in an industry. Firms in this form of market structure are the price makers because there are just a few firms in a certain industry.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this discussion, it can clearly be seen that the market structure for the airline industry is oligopoly. This is because there are just a small number of companies in the industry. However, there is a higher level of competition in this market structure compared with the monopoly where there is only one seller. In the airline industry, each company has the pricing power. This is because there are just a few firms in the industry. However, it is important to note that these firms do not have the power of setting the prices just to the levels they want. In the airline industry, every organization affects the market. However, an organization is also affected by the decisions made by other organizations in the industry. The set up costs on the airline industry is extremely high. Therefore, although there are high profits to be made, high costs forms a barrier to entry. For instance, setting an airline in the United States of America is extremely expensive. This is the reason why there are just a small number of companies operating in the market. This is unlike the case of a hotel which is easy to start up. In airli ne industry as an oligopoly, there are sometimes price wars. This is where one company cuts its prices and others follow by doing the same. This process may usually continue and leads to unhealthy competition which may significantly affect the profitability of an organization. For instance, the British Airways was faced by price wars in 2009 where it was forced to cut down the price of its tickets by 36 percent (Knapton 2008). This negatively affected its profitability. Airline companies usually engage in price wars with an effort of expanding their individual market shares. Reference List Knapton, S. 2008. Price War As Airlines Fight For Passengers Web. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/2605029/Price-war-as-airlines-fight-for-passengers.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of the market structure on the business behaviour of companies in the Structure Conduct – Airline Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tuto2u, 2011. Market Structures – Summary Web. Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/key-summary-on-market-structures

Critical Essay Outline

Critical Essay Outline Critical Essay Outline Critical Essay Outline Critical essay outline is a tool that helps you to organize your material logically and helps you to sort and to classify the material systematically. As a result, you are empowered to see the relationships that exist between ideas in your critical essay writing. Outline writing helps you to develop and organize plan for presenting the material. The goals of the outlines are to present logically the general information, to summarize it schematically, and to provide a visual and conceptual plan of the writing process. An outline reflects logical thinking and classification of your ideas. Prior to writing an outline, you should set up the purpose of the critical essay, write down the thesis of essay and think about the ideas you plan to cover. At this stage you can write all of the ideas you want to include in your critical essay writing, plan the work by grouping ideas together that are related to each other, organize the work by dividing the material into groups ranging from the gene ral to the specific, or from abstract to specific. Critical Essay Format Create a title page if it is necessary. Use MLA style for headings, headers and pagination. Type in 12-point font, for example, Arial which is the easiest to read, make it double-spaced with one-inch margins. Always make a back-up copy of your essay on diskette and an additional hard copy. Usually, short critical essay must be minimum 2-3 full pages; the longer critical essay must be minimum 5-7 full pages in length. In the short critical essay, you must include at least three quotes from the works you are analyzing. Add quotation marks around direct quotations; identify the sources of all paraphrased information. Be careful and avoid plagiarism while writing a critical essay: Writing a Critical Essay The purpose of writing a critical essay is to evaluate somebody's work, to express your ideas on the raised theme, and to reveal your understanding of the material. Critical essay is a paper in which you should express your opinion or provide evaluation of the text. Prior to writing a critical essay, have a clear topic in mind. Once more read the text, be sure that the topic in mind correspond to the essay's topic. Develop an argument and state it in your first paragraph. The argument should prove your chosen position. If no one would disagree with what you're saying, it's not an argument. Critical Essay Help It is not easy to write a good critical essay without outline. Moreover, it is even harder to write a good critical essay on the topic you are not familiar with. You are welcome to ask for assistance. We are ready to write an impressive critical essay for you on any topic! In addition, you receive free title page, outline, and bibliography list. Related posts: Hamlet Thesis Dissertation Writers Dissertation Subjects Dissertation Paper Dissertation Help

Foreign and Domestic Policy Issues from the 60's and Today Research Paper

Foreign and Domestic Policy Issues from the 60's and Today - Research Paper Example The first issue that president Obama needs to deal with is terrorism. Although terrorist threats on the US reached their height during the reign of George W Bush, Obama needs to devise new strategies of dealing with the problem. Terrorism is a global issue since it is still a problem in other parts of the globe. This indicates that the president needs to deal with the problem as a global issue and not an American issue. It is difficult for America to deal with terrorism without support from other countries. Although America has the military capabilities of dealing with any form of terrorism, the country still require collaboration with other nations (Koontz 107). For instance, the tactical arrest of Osama bin Laden proved America’s capabilities of dealing with terrorist criminals. However, the issue raised questions concerning lack of Pakistan involvement in the arrest. Thus, Obama needs to establish diplomatic relationship with leaders from other countries in order to solve t he current problems related to terrorism. President Obama also needs to address the current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq since it is affecting America’s credibility on the global stage. George W Bush was behind the war in his efforts to stop terrorism. These wars have similarities with the Vietnam War in the 1980s. Wars have no benefit to a country. In addition, there is no an absolute victor from a war. Thus, the president needs to reconsider America’s position on these wars. Like in the Vietnam War, America is losing millions of dollars due to its involvement in the war (Ellen web). In addition, the war has resulted into massive destruction of lives and property. America has lost hundreds of its soldiers in the wars. The latest incidence is increasing number of suicide cases among soldiers fighting in these countries. The continued involvement of America in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars is contributing to the problems been experienced by the country. America needs to create a systematic withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan and Iraq within the shortest time possible. The role of regime change that America has played in the two countries should be left the UN. The US also needs to separate its war against terrorism from war against Islam. Although most terrorist have an Islamic background, Islam and terrorism have no relationship. There have been allegations that America is fighting Islam through its global efforts to eliminate terrorism. President Obama has an obligation to free America from these allegations by ordering the withdrawal of American forces from Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition, America needs to be accountable for the crimes committed by its forces in the two countries (Brook web). This will free America from accusations of double standards in dealing with crime against humanity. Gay marriages and gay rights have also remained a controversial issue in America. Although America is a multicultural society, it has a global socia l obligation. In addition America is been looked upon by the rest of the global population. Thus, mistakes committed by Americans are likely to be repeated by the rest of the globe. Gay people have the rights to live as other ordinary individuals do. In addition, they have the rights of upgrading their relationship into marriages. America has high social standards and integration than the rest of the world. Thus, Americans needs to reconsid

Tell the audience about how the technologies transform the society Term Paper

Tell the audience about how the technologies transform the society from the three films below, which are Illusions (Julie Dash, - Term Paper Example Automobile, manufacturing, IT- all have evolved radically. Technology impacted the television and movie industry. Sound and Color effects in cinematography all has changed along with the time (Ogburn, 81). In this paper, the main focus lays on the development of technology and its impact on the movies, keeping sync with the society. Here the discussion is based on three different movies of three different times: Illusions-directed by Julie Dash of 1983, Papapapa directed by Alex Rivera of 1995 and Sleep Dealer directed by Alex Rivera of 2008. Analytic Filmmaking: In the modern world the concept of new digital video technologies are changing the way people are documenting, publishing, and consuming different ideas. According to the analysis of Germano, knowledge production is now increasingly associated with digital or visual modes of expression. In his view, a new way of imparting social science research and a new way of making nonfiction films may be described as analytic filmmaking . There is a clear difference between analytical and documentary films, whereas in the past the main focus used to be on the documentary films when people were more interested in political affairs. In modern age social and political films also have appeal to the intellect with considerable special effects and use of science and technologies. Technological innovation in moviemaking started with Julie Dash’s Illusions where the concept of voiceover (sound dubbing) was first represented in front of the audience (Germano, Abstract). The Movie Illusions: Transformation of Sounds: Illusions was one of the well known and award wining movie of Julie Dash. It was released in the year 1983. In this movie, the audience was first come across with the concept of sound effect –more precisely the use of technology in order to develop the sounds effect. According to Klotman, the movie Illusions was the first segment of Dash’s planned series about Black women in the United State s. The movie has won award for Black American cinema society in the year 1985 and was also nominated for a award in the year 1988 for Art Direction as well.(Koltman, 193). According to the review of Dash, the movie Illusions follows the story of a fictitious production studio and two African-American women in the film industry: Ester Jeeter, a singer who lends her voice to a white actress, and Mignon Dupree, a studio executive who appears to be white. In this movie, Dash portrayed the struggles of these women to be recognized for who they are, especially in the white-dominated Hollywood studio of 1942. According to the review of Caughie, modern concept of sound engineering is being dominated by the concept of dubbing. In his word â€Å"Being heard but not seen offers possibilities for re-imagining ‘passing’ as other than erasure, invisibility, appropriation or blackface†.(Caughie, 97). The application of this concept was first demonstrated by Dash’s movie Illusions in the year 1983. According to his point of view, Illusions takes its subject matter from the common practice of having black women dub the voices of white singers performing jazz or blues songs. In the film, Esther Jeeters (Rosanne Katon), a black woman, is hired to fix the faulty soundtrack when the words sung by the white film star do not synchronize with her mouth movements.

The Free Radical Theory Of Aging

The Free Radical Theory Of Aging The process of aging is a result of increasing damage of our bodys tissues which occurs over a length of time. The accumulated damage to our biological DNA is the cause by which inhibition of the cells to function and express its appropriate genes. This leads to or is responsible for the raised susceptibility of disease and death linked to the time-related changing process of aging. This process is a universal biological phenomenon which indicates that both genetic and environmental factors donating to aging. All together the nature of the aging process has been subject to substantial opinion in the way we age. Over the years, many theories have soared to illustrate the way aging occurs. The free radical theory of aging (FRTA) is the most accepted theory to describe aging which was put forward by Dr Denham Harman in 1956 carried out at the University of Nebraska. The free radical term describes any molecule that varies from a typical moleculethat retains a single free unpaired electron, a property which oxidises other molecules in an exceedingly volatile and damaging way. Otherwise radicals maypossibly be generated by the breakage of a covalent bond in such that one-half of the divided electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. These radicals are responsible for aging, some diseases and tissue damage.A simple example to illustrate this is the reaction of water with the sun: H2O > HOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢- + Hà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicates a free radical) Here water is split into a hydroxyl radical and a hydrogen atom. The FRTA expresses that aging is the build up of oxidative damage to bodily cells and tissues that encounters this due to aerobic metabolism. Harman based his theory on the three opinions: (1) irradiation causes premature aging; (2) irradiation creates oxygen radicals, which may mediate its effects; and (3) cells produce oxygen radicals under normal conditions. Commencing this he hypothesised that the manner by which a high reactive free radical such as a presence of an OH group will put forth its effect an ambiguous effect. They are also likely to react with other cellular components including nucleoproteins and nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Also given that genes will be affected by these radicals, rarely it would be probable that mutations and cancer would occur occasionally.This led Harman to conclude that ageing and age-related diseases may be due to oxidative damage which adaptable by genetic and environmental factors. Subsequently with regards to free radicals in ageing h as advanced to an extent to become one of the more reasonable theories of the ageing process. A different idea is chemical damage, which indicates damage to long-lived organic polymers in the body caused by chemical mediators within the body these include oxygen and sugars, which are responsible for aging. Chemical damage to structural cells and DNA can lead to mutations which result in loss of its functions. Later Joe McCord and Irwin Fridovichof Duke University discovered an enzyme in 1969, superoxide dismutase (SOD), exclusively operating to impair the superoxide radical, SOR (O2à ¢- -). This is a type of free radical produced when an additional electron is uplifted by an oxygen molecule. This produces a number of short-lived intermediates including the formation of superoxide (O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Both the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals have a free electron in their outer orbit and are highly reactive oxidants. Hydrogen peroxide is also toxic to cells and a cause of further free radical generation, particularly when reacting with reduced transition metals to form hydroxyl radicals. The most common source of free radicals in biological systems is oxygen (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989). There are many types of free radicals which are formed by different reactions with oxygen. Some other examples of these are hydroperoxyl ra dical (HPR), alkoxyl radical (AR), peroxyl radical (PR) and nitric oxide radical (NOR). Successive research has uncovered that SOR are formed within cells during oxidative metabolism and SOD enzymes are existent within a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Three isoforms of SOD are present within cells; these are cytosolic, mitochondrial and extracellular types of isoforms. Roughly 1-2 per cent of the oxygen within the mitochondria cellchanges into hydrogen peroxide rather than water, which is the actual end product during respiration.The significant of SOD is revealed through studies carried out on mutant bacteria and yeast, lacking the SOD enzyme. In the presence of oxygen these cells are unable to grow. Equally the lack of SOD2 mitochondrial enzymes in mice, were incapable of surviving for a week after birth. However, genetically engineered mice that have been altered with higher hydrogen peroxide- destroying enzymes are able to live 20 per cent longer than the controls. These results observed in 2005, shows that enhanced antioxidant defences can in crease life span. While the high potential of free radicals especially SOR and Hydroxyl radicals, these agents are an important factor linking to aging yet still remains a debatable topic. Harmans predications relating to the fact free radicals are joined to the notion of aging. Then we can expect that mammals with a longer lifespan possibly produce a small number of free radical, this links to the better ability to destruct free radicals, or the facility to repair cellular damage due to free radical reactions far better than a mammal with a shorter lifespan.These believes are supported by many studies, one in which the growth of mouse and human fibroblasts were compared under standard (20 per cent) and reduced (3 per cent) oxygen levels. Mouse fibroblasts grown under reduced conditions suffered up to a third of DNA damage and experienced many cellular divisions eventually till it stopped compared to those cells grown in normal conditions.Whereas mouse fibroblasts grown in standard conditions suffered up to 3 times more oxidative DNA damage compared to human fibroblasts under the same conditions. This study shows that human cells are far better in repairing and preventing oxidative DNA damage than mouse cells. The animal life spans can be increased by restricting the amount of calories within their diet (Perez et al. 2009 and Ristow, 2010). At first the study on mice in the 1930s, which maintained a strict diet, showed they typically lived longer by 30 to 40 per cent associated to mice that ate a normal calorific diet. Findings on the metabolic rates of these mice have shown inconsistent facts, but these studies show anoverall agreement that animals that were fed with restricted calorific diets contain a visible decrease in O2 à ¢- - and hydrogen peroxide formation, which could possible explain the increased longevity. Longitudinal studies on the rhesus monkeys are currently being carried out with calorie- restricted diets to see if they live longer healthier lives. Though, this study has not been analysed over a long enough period to see if the top figure of lifespan which is 40 years in these monkeys, is increased. These animals have minimal levels of blood glucose levels, insulin an d triglycerides making them less prone to age- related disorders for instance diabetes and coronary artery disease.Reduced blood- insulin levels may possibly important in promoting longer life span, experiments on nematodes (Kenyon et al., 1993) and fruit flies (Clancy et al., 2001) suggest that the lessened activity of insulin- like hormones can spectacularly boost the lifespan within these vertebrates.Hormonal signalling pathways are very powerful controllers of lifespan, possibly since they match the longevity of several key organs by acting in an organised manner. Research on mice with growth hormones (GH) defected by which the inability of the pituitary gland to secrete then showed that these mice had an extended life span by roughly 21- 40 per cent (Coschigano et al.,2003). Whilst transgenic mice that over expressed the GH hormone lived a shorter life span compared to wild mice (Wolf et al., 1993). The first genetic component of ageing by gene regulation was identified by the budding of yeast. The number of daughter cells reproduced from the mother cells via cell division is known as the replicating cell aging. Calorie restriction in yeast cells results in increased life span with the presence of the gene Sir2. Here more mother cells undergo cell division rapidly to reproduce more daughter cells. This gene is programmed to carry out certain processes during cell division, if repeats occur cellular senescence occurs which slowly degrades the cell away from its essential nuclear factors. According to the gene regulation theory we are pre-programmed in our genes when to self-destruct, which cause ageing and eventually death. Diet plays an important part in the formation of radicals on a molecular basis. Metal ions especially in foodstuffs contain high levels and diverse profiles of metals. Metal ions in this instance therefore correlate to the formation of free radicals so share key elements of the FRTA (Naughton el al, 2008). An interrelated area of research concerns the study of substances known as antioxidants that are able to destroy free radicals by the prevention of oxidation (Fusco, 2007). These substances can most commonly be bought over the counter in pharmacies and general stores. Familiar antioxidants in the body are glutathione, vitamin E and C, and beta-carotene. Even though these antioxidants may prove highly beneficial in the diet due to the ability to destroy free radicals, research on mice and rats has been unsuccessful in delivering realistic evidence that can stop the aging process or increase life span. An antioxidant that is receiving substantial interest is resveratrol, which is a polyphenolic compound found in elevated strength levels in the skin of red grapes. It is believed that the substance resveratrol has many health benefits characteristic of red wine. Instead of searching for free radicals in the body, resveratrol acts by activating the enzymes Sir2 that has shown to prove inc reased longevity in yeast cells. An alternative view, the evolutionary theories of ageing indicates that ageing is due to DNA programming that only the survival of the best genes are available to assure offspring have vital living conditions omitting any mutations. Senescence genes that have harmful effects on the vitality of the cells are nominated against using natural selection. The mutations in these genes delay harming effects of the gene in an individual to a later stage reduce the ability to naturally select the best genes. The deleterious genes which may not visible till after it has reproduced, the gene itself possibly escapes natural selection and is passed through to the next stage of replicating. Yet there is no actual evidence to prove this theory. Although when we begin to age, is down to variation of our genetic inheritance. Recently, cellular senescence has become an interest to explain aging likewise. The continuous chromosomal shortening of the telomeres, where each cell cycle is considered to affect the vitality of the cell, hence contribute to aging. In 1973, Olovnikov proposed the telomere theory in that cells lose a bit of DNA followed by a round of replication because the lack of ability for DNA polymerase to fully copy telomeres (chromosome ends) and that eventually an acute deletion triggers cell death. A study on the yeast cells lacking a functional EST1 gene showed progressive shortening of the terminal G1-3T telomeric repeats and a parallel increase in the frequency of cell death (Lundblad and Blackburn, 1993). Similarly research on loss of telomeric DNA during cell proliferation may play a role in ageing and cancer.Telomere length, telomerase activity and chromosome rearrangements in human cells weremeasured; ov erall telomerase (enzyme) activity was not detectable in control or extended lifespan populations but was present in immortal populations (Counter et.al, 1992).Telomerase enzymes switches itself on to which adds to the telomeres when cells divide. There have, then again also been accounts that cloning may perhaps vary the shortening of telomeres. For example dolly the sheep died of progressive lung disease and sever arthritis. The common live expectancy of sheep is 11- 12 years however dolly the sheep lived till she was of years. This could possibly be because the sheep she was cloned from lived to 6 years. One understanding is that dolly the sheep had short telomeres which are the result of the aging process (Campbell et al, 1999). This supports the telomere theory of aging as well as the FRTA. A further notion of ageing is the mitochondria DNA theory. This theory suggests that the effectively of mitochondria; the power producing organelles found in every cell of each organ, surfaces age-related degenerative diseases. The mitochondria have their own genome (mtDNA), which is produced within the inner mitochondrial membrane close to locations of formation of extremely reactive oxygen species (Sanz, 2010). Mitochondrial DNA appears incapable to frustrate the damage inflicted by the by-products of respiration for the reason that distinctively the nuclear genome lacks advanced repair mechanisms. Consequently, the cell fails to produce energy and progressively dies. This concept is backed by observations verifying the genomic variability of mitochondria, on top of many mtDNA deletions and more types of injury to the mitochondrial genome. In addition, children with the Progeria disease are naturally liable to premature aging. They have symptoms which involve progressive heart disease. Almost all Progeria patients die as of heart disease. Heart disease is moreover one of the directing triggers of death across the world. Children with Progeria commonly experience cardiovascular events, such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, angina, enlarged heart and heart failure illnesses linked to aging. Progeria has a mutation on the gene that codes for Lamin A, a protein that maintains the nucleus of the cell together. It is thought that the defective Lamin A protein makes the nucleus insecure. This variability appears to lead to the process of premature aging between Progeria patients. Yet it occurs without any cause so it is hard to relate this idea to support the FRTA in anyway. Another idea that does not support the FTRA is anoxic animals. According to BMC report deep under the Mediterranean Sea small multicellular organisms are present (belonging to the group Loricifera) which are completely surrounded by poisonous sulphides and they live their entire life in the absence of oxygen, they are still able to reproduce without the existence of oxygen and are metabolically active. Electron microscopy shows that these animals own organelles as an alternative to aerobic mitochondria as well which resembles to the unicellular organisms (protozoan) having hydrogenosomes that occupy anaerobic environment. The discovery by Danovaro et al. offers the tantalizing promise of metazoan life in other anoxic settings, for example in the subsurface ocean beneath hydrothermal vents or subduction zones or in other anoxic basins, (Levin). The incidence of anaerobic mitochondria and hydrogenosomes in other organisms showed the highlight to the evolutionary significance from the f indings at Comenius and Dusseldorf Universities. In conclusion, the FRTA is not dead and it alone is not the only explanation of how we age. Genetic data alone doesnt provide strong evidence for the FRTA; however in studies with oxidative stress being reduced or inhibited can play an effect in prolonging life span. Damages and accumulation of radicals are the highlight of many other theories. This implies that the FRTA provides a foundation for other theories and that radicals cause aging to an extent is still alive. However studies on anoxic animals proves that the FRTA can not support the idea for FRTA due to lack of mitochondria instead mitosomes are present. Also studies on antioxidants supported the notion that consumption of vitamins prevents free radicals from forming or being reduced. Further studies still need to be carried out in order to prove whether FRTA is actually dead.

The Long Term Impact of Staff Reduction on Surviving Staff: Starbucks Experience

Research Aims Staff reductions are often required as part of the restructuring of an organisation, or as a response to economic conditions. However, the focus of the research here is to look at the long term and whether this type of staff reduction has an impact on the staff that remain, rather than focussing on those that leave. It is argued, at the outset, that the remaining members of staff are often overlooked, as they are perceived to be the â€Å"lucky ones†. Despite this, the basis of the research is that there will be both a psychological and practical impact on those remaining staff and these issues needs to be considered with much greater emphasis by the management team when looking at this type of restructuring. The aim is to provide a much greater understanding, by looking at Starbucks as an example, so that the management team is in a better position to deal with these types of situations in the future (Ferrie et al., 2001) Objectives In order to achieve this aim and to look at the broader issues associated with staff reactions, it is recognised that there will need to be several focussed objectives. Staff reactions are by their very nature going to vary, depending on a variety of subjective factors and by being clear with the objectives this will ensure that the overall aim remains the focus of the research throughout. The key objectives are as follows: To gain an understanding of the initial redundancy or downsizing process, including the impact of the various selection processes; for example, the long-term impact is likely to be different where the redundancy is voluntary and therefore understanding the involvement of those staff retained in the process is the first step to understanding the reactions. To understand the perception of individuals, depending on their role within the downsizing process; this recognises that there are multiple staff being impacted on when some are made redundant as well as the retained staff. These include the staff members who were not involved in the process, in the first place, as well as the managers, to make the ultimate decision. To appreciate the psychological reactions and individual perceptions of those staff members who remain within the organisation, depending on the way in which this process is managed; for example, is there a difference between staff who are engaged with post-redundancy, or does it generally seem preferable to return to a â€Å"business as usual† mentality (Armstrong-Stassen, 1993) Finally, the impact on the performance of the business over a longer time horizon will then be considered, looking at the immediate aftermath, as well as six months or even one year down the line, with potential reference to the ways in w hich staff members then react when the recovery process takes place. For example, it is potentially suggested in the literature that staff lack loyalty to the organisation and when general economic conditions improve may be more likely to look for alternative employment, as a result of the treatment they received during the recessionary period. Research Questions Two key questions emerge from this proposed research: Which factors impact on and to what extent do they impact on the remaining employees, following a period of downsizing or redundancy How can a management team look to mitigate the negative effects of downsizing and redundancy Critical Review of the Literature The literature in this area has already dealt with a variety of factors relating to redundancy and the impact on an organisation, but has not looked specifically at the longer term impact on the retained staff and the wider staff groups that may not have been directly linked to the restructuring and decision making. Firstly, it is noted that research in this area recognises that staff members will typically understand that there are often periods where it is necessary to downsize or restructure, to such an extent that there will be involuntary redundancies. Klein (2009) states that, although staff will recognise this need, there is now also a recognition that the business managers are making decisions with the staff in mind, but are instead looking specifically at the immediate business demands. This shows lack of long term recognition of business sustainability, when it comes to retaining staff loyalty. Research by Machlowitz (1983) looked at the emotions of the individuals, following on from a redundancy situation where they were survivors. This looked at the immediate aftermath, from an individual perspective, finding that individuals typically felt emotions of guilt or isolation, as well as a feeling of betrayal, where they felt that the process had not been undertaken completely fairly. Research from Brockner et al. (1985) looked at a laboratory experiment where students were subject to â€Å"lay offs†, finding that feelings of inequality were emerging and a sense of disgruntlement happened where it was felt that the relationship between the individuals was in some way unfair. This indicates that where there is a redundancy situation, the vitally important aspect to consider is the process of the downsizing, rather than the actual downsizing itself. Anxiety also ranked as a driving factor, as there was the concern that others would be made redundant, in the future. These perceptions and fears potentially result in efficiency within the organisation reducing and the staff then being more prepared to look towards other locations for their long term employment (Hughes, 2000). The longer term impact of staff reduction and downsizing remains largely unexamined and the purpose of this paper is to look at how these activities can have an impact on the longer term operation within the business, by understanding the way in which the surviving individuals react (Cascio,1993). Further research is also required to ensure that the management team understands the impact of the way they handle a downsizing process and that this can have a direct and lasting impact on the success of the business, in the long run. Industry background In order to explore this issue in more detail and to create a relevant analysis, Starbucks is being looked at as a case study. Starbucks presents an interesting opportunity for analysis, as it has risen very rapidly from its first store which opened in 1971 to an organisation that has stores in nearly 21,000 locations across the world. Despite this, during the last ten years, the store has actually reduced its numbers, in the wake of the global financial crisis and lowering profits (Jennings, 2008). Starbucks was not seemingly on the brink of disaster and in fact continued to open up other stores across the world, yet chose to close 600 stores across the United States, creating an interesting question as to how it impacted upon staff members where there were reports of a globally successful organisation that was still experiencing redundancies in their local area. Arguably, the reason for the downsizing in the United States was the recognition that they had achieve the maximum growth available within the industry and they simply had too many stores. Takeaway coffee is largely a luxury product, with a limited number of affluent individuals able to partake on a regular basis. Despite Starbucks being a popular location for individuals and being recognised as an outlet in which individuals can choose to spend a large amount of time working or meeting friends, there are some limits to the number of customers who are prepared to pay premium price for good quality beverages. With an industry essentially at saturation point, there needs to be a readjustment of strategy, yet there is likely to be a reaction from the employees who feel somewhat jilted having been involved in the dramatic growth and now suffering from their own success and hard work. This type of reduction is therefore particularly interesting, as it is a reaction within the industry, rather than something which can necessarily be attributed to the staff members themselves. Research design The research design for this paper is particularly important, as it involves looking at the feelings and reactions of individuals, thus making it a different type of research than simply collecting statistical data and then analysing this in a quantitative manner. In order to look at the reactions of individuals to a downsizing scenario, it is necessary to consider a sufficiently broad range of individuals, to gain any material understanding of exactly what is actually going on and the way in which individuals react. Different individuals will naturally react differently to a downsizing scenario. Certain individuals may even view this as an opportunity to further their own position, as there will be less competition within the organisation when it comes to securing their future; others will be much less positive, despite both individuals being part of the same process (Vahtera et al., 1997). For this reason, the primary method of research will be a detailed case study of precisely what is happening within the organisation. This will include an understanding of the management theory behind the downsizing, before then going on to undertake a relatively detailed questionnaire with individuals from a variety of different locations, all of whom have been affected by the downsizing in some way, as well as completing at least two focus groups where individuals are brought together to discuss their experiences. This form of research is particularly important in this scenario, due to the fact that when individuals are left to openly discuss their thoughts and feelings, it is likely that they will open up and produce a much deeper understanding of their reactions (Weca, 2008). Data Analysis Plan Due to the qualitative nature of the research planned, the necessary data analysis also needs to be sufficiently open to looking at individual reactions and trying to find consistency of patterns of behaviours or thoughts. For this reason, the questionnaires will involve a quantitative analysis of the results, which will offer an understanding of any patterns being formed, before then looking towards the qualitative aspect of the research, in order to understand why certain responses have been obtained. By taking this two-stage approach, it is anticipated that the overall conclusions will have sufficient certainty, based on the quantitative analysis and will also be able to add to the understanding, through the use of individual thoughts and responses. A particular concern does arise, however, that there will be some limitations in the accuracy of the research. Firstly, the research focuses on survivors within a certain location or organisation and there may be an unwillingness of th e individuals to be completely open about their thoughts and feelings, for fear of jeopardising their own position in the future. There are also likely to be limitations, due to the fact that this research is focusing on one organisation alone and downsizing may have different responses in different organisations (Stone, 2008). By ensuring that any results obtained are dealt with anonymously, this will assist in some way to ensure greater accuracy. Nevertheless, there will always be the need to recognise that interviewing survivors of a redundancy process is potentially a skewed approach and some individuals are going to present an inaccurate picture, purely to further their own position, or at least to protect it. On balance, however, this overall analysis is likely to present the most balanced result and also establish some themes and generalisations which will be useful for the future. Conclusion In conclusion, understanding the impact of a downsizing programme on surviving staff members is crucial to the approach taken by the management team and any such situations in the future, either within the same organisation or for management teams of other organisations (Schwaner-Albright, 2008). Personal reactions to a situation can be somewhat difficult to appreciate and understand, due to the fact that individuals, by their very nature, will react differently to exactly the same factual scenario. The aim of this research, is to identify themes and generic strategies that may be useful to those looking at downsizing in the future, in order to ensure that surviving members of staff do not suffer from the negative effect of the redundancies and that the organisation is able to return to full efficiency, as soon as possible. Time-scale for Project This research is being undertaken over one academic year, although the plan is to undertake a full research and write-up within eight months. The following chart depicts the general approach that is being followed. 12345678 Background, Aims and Objectives Literature Review Research Design Research Collection Analysis of Research Writing Up Revisiting and Checking The majority of this research will involve the collection of primary data and the analysis of the research findings that have then been collected. It is anticipated that there will need to be several re-visits to the original data, as new information or themes arise. For example, analysing questionnaires will provide a strong starting point for the focus groups, but following the focus groups, it may then be necessary to go back to the questionnaires to further explore certain key issues. It is for this reason that the research collection and analysis of research findings takes up such a substantial part of the time allowed. There is a degree of flexibility in this process and the research will be sufficiently flexible to ensure that the key points arising from both the case study, conducted as part of the literature review and the research collection, is able to take a longer period of time, if required. Resources As noted previously, the research is focusing entirely on the experience of individuals within one organisation. Therefore, good access to those individuals will be an essential element of ensuring that this research is conducted in sufficient depth. It is also noted at the outset that one of the main aims of this research is to provide the management team with guidance as to how it can better manage a downsizing operation in the future and therefore having management support in order to gain access to key individuals is a necessary resource. Secondly, understanding the responses received and looking at existing literature will also require access to a variety of different publications, although this can largely be obtained through library facilities. On balance, the key resource within this research is the ability to speak to a variety of individuals who have survived the downsizing process in Starbucks. This will require the management team to be completely supportive of the overall agenda. Individuals may be reluctant to speak about the subject or do not feel that the management team is supportive of this. No specific software is required for the analysis, although Microsoft Office suite including Excel will be useful, in order to collate the information received. References Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1993). Survivors reactions to a workforce reduction: A comparison of blue-collar workers and their supervisors. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 10: 334-343. Cascio, W. F. (1993). Downsizing: What do we knowWhat have we learnedAcademy of Management Executive, 7: 95-106. Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., Martikainen, P., Stansfield, S. A., & Smith, G. D. (2001). Job insecurity in white-collar workers: Toward an explanation of associations with health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6: 26-42. Hughes, J. (2000). Avoidance of emotional pain during downsizing in a public agency. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 52: 256-268. Jennings, L. (2008). Starbucks to pull breakfast items, shut 100 units, put focus back on java. Nation’s Restaurant News. [Online Version] published 11th February 2008, reproduced in bnet.com, available from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_6_42/ai_n24267543 [Accessed 12/11/2014]. Kivimaki, M., Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., & Ferrie, J. (2000). Factors underlying the effects of organizational downsizing on health of employees: Longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 320: 971-976. Schwaner-Albright, O., (2008). Tasting the future of Starbucks coffee from a new machine. The New York Times. [Online Version]. Published March 26th 2008, available from: http://www.nytimes.com/03/26/dining/26starbucks.html?_r?=2&sq=starbucks&st=nyt&oref=slogin [Accessed 12/11/2014]. Stone, B. (2008). Starbucks Plans Return to its Roots. The New York Times, [Online Version], published March 20th 2008, available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/20/business/20sbux.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&sq=starbucks&st=nyt&scp=3 [Accessed 12/11/2014]. Vahtera, J., Kivimaki, M., & Pentti, J. (1997). Effect of organizational downsizing on health of employees. The Lancet, 350: 1124-1128. Weca (2008). Pay more/ stop reliance on Tips. Mystarbucksidea.com. Posted May 23rd 2008, available from http://mystarbucksidea.force.com/ideaView?id=087500000004hShAAI[Accessed 12/11/2014].